EVEN those who are possessed of a mere superficial acquaintance with Sacramental Theology will have noticed what pains our Catholic Theologians have taken to provide an answer to the question 'How did Christ institute the Sacraments?' They cannot, moreover, have failed to notice that the writers have sought for a solution along two different lines. Some prefer to regard the matter from an a priori standpoint and deduce, what is ' from' what ought to be.' Others, questioning the premises, prefer to examine facts before they theorise. The conclusions of the two schools are, as might be suspected, as divergent as their methods. Convinced that the historico-theological attitude is correct, the writer of the present essay turned his attention to the Sacrament of Confirmation to see if he could derive any light from its history: the essay is a presentation of the results of his investigations. He finds that in apostolic times, and for centuries afterwards, the rite of Confirmation consisted of an imposition of hands with prayer. The lineal descendant of this rite is, he maintains, consignation with chrism together with the indicative form. He cannot sympathize much with those who see an imposition in the very act of unction: he thinks that the theory is a deus ex machina solution of a difficulty which rests on false assumptions. The antiquity to which it lays claim does not lessen its improbability. It was begotten of difficulties, as it thrives in them. The history of this sacramental rite is of exceptional interest; and the writer has found it none the less interesting because it has forced him, against his wishes almost, to the conclusion that Christ determined the matter and form of the Sacrament merely in a generic fashion, and left to his Church the power to make specific changes in the sacred rite.

Alien Reformation is the first novel in The Hydro-Carbon Stratagem trilogy which questions the origins of humankind, our ultimate fate and influence on the entire cosmos. This novel considers the scenario that superior Alien beings from a self-inflicted exodus have interfered with the human race during the vestiges of the Ice Age. Fleeing from a holocaust instigated by one of their own and carried out by their once placid machines, these extraterrestrials use the brutal nature of our ancestors as the catalyst for their defense and ultimately for their salvation. In the year 2954 A.D., one of their hybrids travels across the globe with a selection of comrades to assemble seven pieces of a dissimilated being contained within the segments of an Alien craft. If successful, it will set him on the path to world domination and eventual confrontation with his Creator's nemesis. During these global travels for this Alien artefact, this unlikely hero from a totalitarian state whose despotic ruler has similar designs to his own will encounter a host of bizarre Nations and adversaries whom he must overcome for the first stage of the Alien plan to succeed. Book Two is called Hybrid Ascendancy and Book Three, Alien Vindication. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Michael O'Dwyer, the author of this science-fiction novel, lives in Limerick City in Ireland.

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